Fuel: The first optimistic rollup on Ethereum

This whitepaper introduces Fuel, an early implementation of the optimistic rollup paradigm for Ethereum. The core methodology involves moving execution off-chain while anchoring transaction data on the Ethereum mainnet, relying on fraud proofs to ensure the correctness of state transitions. Fuel focuses specifically on high-throughput execution by utilizing a unique script-based model that avoids the limitations of account-based models under heavy load. The paper explains the design of the rollup, the process of submitting batch data to the L1, and the security model underlying the fraud-proof system. As one of the foundational papers on optimistic rollups, Fuel contributed to the shift in Ethereum's scaling strategy from pure sidechains toward rollups, which leverage the security of the underlying base layer, setting a precedent for modular blockchain architectures.